Linguistics and Language Teaching. Essay

Introduction Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called linguistics. Linguistic theory has traditionally considered native speakers as the only reliable source of linguistic data (Chomsky 1965). It is therefore not surprising to ? nd only a limited number of works focusing on non-native speakers prior to the 1990s. The ?  rst attempt to put‘(non)nativism’ onto the centre stage of linguistic inquiry by challenging current undisputed assumptions on the matter was Paikeday’s (1985) The native speaker is dead , in which it is argued that the native speaker ‘exists only as a ? gment of linguist’s imagination’ (Paikeday 1985: 12). Paikeday suggested using the term ‘pro? cient user’ of a language to refer to all speakers who can successfully use it. A few years later, Rampton (1990) similarly proposed the term ‘expert speaker’ to include all successful users of a language. Davies (1991, 2003) further delved into ‘native speaker’ identity, and thus formulated the key question of whether a second language (L2) learner can become a native speaker of the target language. His conclusion was that L2 learners can become native speaker of the target language and master the intuition, grammar, spontaneity, creativity, pragmatic control, and interpreting quality of ‘born’ native speakers. Generally, English educated Malaysians of all ethnic and family language background speak and move alike. However, with the implementation of the national language policy of Bahasa Malaysia as the national language of Malaysia and as the language of instruction, (except in the cases of Chinese or Tamil medium primary schools), the status of English Language in Malaysia is different from the earlier years. The English language covered a continuum from first language through second language to a foreign language. Bahasa Malaysia is replacing English in most of its previous functions, but English may be expected to remain as a continuum from second language to foreign language according to the background and occupation of the speaker. In Malaysia, presently the use of English is less common than in Singapore and is likely to decrease steadily with the implementation of the national language policy. However, English still remains as a language of considerable importance and is still being used in various spheres of everyday activity. The role of English has changed from its earlier status as the precise language of the colonial era and the decades after the Second World War to a second language. At the moment, it is still considered as an international code to be used for diplomatic and commercial negotiations and as a language necessary in many fields of tertiary study and research. Not surprisingly, the non-native English language speakers among Malaysians make grammatical mistakes from time to time. These usually happened among Malaysian adult students and even among some Malaysian English teachers. 1. The transcript of a recorded conversation. The following excerpt is a recorded conversation among teachers and will be analysed of the mistakes made by some teachers during discussion. Our discussion was on the quality and effectiveness of a programme called ‘Program Penutur Jati’ or English Language Teacher Development Project (ELTP). Briefly, the aim of the project is to enhance the lower primary ESL teachers’ ability to plan and deliver quality English lessons based on the new National English Language Curriculum in 600 schools across East Malaysia. The teachers involved in discussion come from various races, ethnic groups, ages and teaching experiences. Kamel : That is my opinion. I don’t know yours. Ok. Chairperson : I agree †¦. laugh Kamel : But , as I said just now. I don’t like that the fixture.. ok. For example aaaa as my mentor come to our school .. every Monday ok.. my class start at nine o’clock†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. 30.. that mean one and half hour include the preparation for my lesson, so I don’t think that I have an ample time for me to prepare the things†¦ ok . Moreover, the one hour and one and half hour is the .. for all to prepare.. the whole week not only , the one day. So I don’t think that will be effective. Chairperson: Emmmm Kamel : So Chairperson : Did you tell him about it? Kamel: Aaaaaa†¦ So far not yet. Chairperson : Do you have the chance to talk about it. Kamel : Because, I don’t have any.. I don’t have the opportunity to.. Chairperson : Then, you should tell him. Kamel ; I was thinking. Why don’t the mentors like them to be .. have qualification in teaching, so that they can come to the trainee teachers training college rather than†¦ Chairperson : For your information, ahh Chairperson : Overall, it seems to be working with you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Naga : The ideas (cough)†¦ is good and different†¦ he is friendly. Chairperson : So.. ahh. If supposing .. You have a mentor to this.. who doesn’t speak.. doesn’t speak like Morrocan. Alright Naemah : Yehhh Chairperson: Right.. Alright, if.. Chairperson: Who? Chairperson : Madam Soya? She is from where? Others : Bulgaria.. (together) Chairperson : Bulgaria? Does she have the accent? Chairperson: What do you think? Do you think†¦ | 2. Common grammatical mistakes and errors by non-native English speakers. The types of errors can be categorised into two: descriptive and surface structures. Descriptive errors include noun phrase, verb phrase and complex sentence. While surface structure errors include omission, addition, misinformation, misordering and blends. After analysing the recorded conversation, there are few mistakes or errors made by Mr. Kamel during the said discussion. a. The use of unmarked forms instead of marked forms is far more frequent, as can be seen in the examples as follows. * I don’t know yours. * I don’t know about you. * .. as I said just now. * .. as I have said just now. One possible cause of these errors is merely interlingual errors which is the result of mother tongue influences ‘Saya tak tahu awak punya’ and ‘†¦ seperti yang saya kata tadi. ’ respectively. In his article, ‘A Role for the Mother Tongue’ in ‘Language Transfer in Language Learning’, Professor Corder (1981) reinvestigated the phenomenon and questions the term ‘transfer’. He suggests that mother tongue influence as a neutral and broader term to refer to what has most commonly been called transfer. Corder says that since most studies of error were made on the basis of the performance of learners in formal situations where it appears that errors related to mother tongue are more frequent, it was natural that an explanation of the phenomenon was of considerable concern to the applied linguistic. It was out of this concern that the whole industry of contrastive studies arose. He also claims that as far as the acquisition of syntactic knowledge is concerned, no process appropriately called interference takes place, if by that we mean that the mother tongue actually inhibits, prevents, or makes more difficult the acquisition of some feature of the target language. The term ‘interference’ is now most often used to mean what is no more than the presence in the learner‘s performance in the target language of mother-tongue-like features which are incorrect according to the rules of the target language. b. Obviously. Mr. Kamel has the problem in pronouncing certain words especially in the pronunciation of the initial sound of common words like the, there, then and that. It is also the middle consonant sound in feather and the final sound of bathe. These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. The initial sound of that and the final sound of both are both voiceless dental. This problem arises because Mr Kamel’s tongue is not merely touches the teeth. Thus, his pronunciation of these particular words are incorrect. Besides, difficulty in phonology can caused by mother tongue interference. Eltrug (1984) affirmed that mother tongue interference can contribute to a large number of pronunciation errors made by students. An English sound does exist in the native language, but not as separate phonemes. This simply means the first language speakers do not perceive it as a distinct sound that makes difference to meaning. For example The sound /? / does exist in Malay, but whether the vowel is long or short does not make any difference in meaning. For instance, the English phonemes/? / and /i:/ differ very much in meaning as in the words ‘leave’ and ‘live’, ‘sheep’ and ‘ship’. The great amount of vocabulary of English really makes the second language learner suffer in reading. There is a lot of words unknown and the most confusing point is even the second language learner know the meaning but they can’t really understand the meaning of the whole sentence. It is because an English word gives different impressions in different situations. This makes things so confusing about the meaning of the word. Grammatical interference is defined as the first language influencing the second in terms of word order, use of pronouns and determinants, tense and mood. Interference at a lexical level provides for the borrowing of words from one language and converting them to sound more natural in another and orthographic interference includes the spelling of one language altering another. In Malay grammar, it does not require one to have any form of determiner in front of instruments like computer, piano, internet. English grammar, however, requires the instruments mentioned above (computer, piano, internet) to be preceded by determiners and if neither a possessive determiner nor a demonstrative determiner is used, the use of either a definite article or an indefinite article is necessary. Thus, the ungrammatical sentences in could be the result of interference of the cultural transfer from Malay language structure on English. Erroneous form| Correct form| She plays piano while I sing. Malay: Dia bermain piano sementara saya menyanyi. | She plays the piano while I sing | She stay at home. Malay : Dia tinggal di rumah | She stays at home. | Table 1 : Examples of interference from the learners’ first language. c. Subjects also exhibited errors in subject-verb agreement as is shown in the examples as follows: * Every Monday, my class start at nine o’clock†¦. * Every Monday, my class starts at nine o’clock†¦. The omission of â€Å"-s† can be attributed to the fact that Bahasa Malaysia does not require verbs to agree with subjects. However, the ending free form is generalised for all persons to make the learning task easier and this is a common intralingual made by people with diverse native languages like Mr Kamel. 3. Causes and sources of errors and mistakes Interlingual errors are the result of mother tongue influences. Learners transfer/borrow some forms but not others due to two factors such as proto-typicality and language distance (Kellerman, 1979). Malay learners of English commonly make errors in negative sentences. For example: Adryna no coming today. [Adryna tak datang hari ini. ] Such errors are common in pre-verbal negation using no, the same negative construction as in their L1. In order to determine whether transfer is the cause for the occurrence of errors, James (1998), demonstrates that learners with a particular L1 make an error that those with a different L1 do not. He provides a useful summary of these strategies which includes the following; a. False analogy b. Misanalysis c. Incomplete rule application exploiting redundancy d. Overlooking co-occurrence restrictions e. System-simplification It is not clear which strategy is responsible for a particular error. Errors can also be viewed as ‘natural’ or as ‘induced’. For example: a. He played football yesterday. b. He goed home at six. c. He drinked milk. d. He eated dinner. e. He sleeped at eight. Conclusion To conclude, learners’ errors are a part of the learners’ language learning process. Hence, teachers should not penalise students for the errors they made. Instead, teachers should note those errors and devise ways to assist learners to overcome their problems in language learning. It is difficult to decide whether grammatically or acceptability should serve as the criterion for error analysis. If grammatically is chosen, an error can be defined as ‘breach of the rule of the code’ (Corder, 1967). Defining errors in terms of grammatically also necessitates giving consideration to the distinction between overt and covert error: In the field of methodology, there are two schools of thought with regard to learners’ error. Firstly, the school which maintains that if we were to achieve a perfect teaching method, the errors would have never be committed and therefore the occurrence of errors is merely a sign of inadequacy in our teaching techniques. The philosophy of the second school is that we live in an imperfect world and consequently errors will always occur in spite of our very best teaching and learning  methods. One effect has been perhaps to shift the emphasis away from a preoccupation with teaching towards a study of learning. The differences between the two are clearly defined: that the learning of the mother tongue is natural, whereas, we all know that there is no such inevitability about the learning of a second language; that the learning of the mother tongue is part of the whole maturational process of the child, whilst learning a second language normally begins only after the maturational process is complete. A child’s incorrect utterances can be interpreted as being evidence that he is in the process of acquiring language and the errors provide these evidences. Brown and Frazer (1964), point out that the best evidence a child possesses construction rules is the occurrence of systematic errors, since when the child speaks correctly, it is quite possible that he is only repeating something that he has heard. In the case of the second language learner, it is known that we do know some knowledge of what the input has been which we call as the syllabus. The simple fact of presenting a certain linguistic form to a learner in the classroom does not necessarily qualify it for the status of input, for the reason that input ‘is what goes in’, not ‘what is available’ for going in, and we may reasonably suppose that it is the learner who controls this input. This may well be determined by the characteristics of his language acquisition mechanism and not by those of the syllabus. References Mariam Mohd Nor, Abdul Halim Ibrahim, Shubbiah, R (2008). OUM-Linguistics and Language Teaching. Seri Kembangan, Selangor. Open University Malaysia. Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learners’ errors. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5, 161-70. Corder, S. P. (1981). Error analysis and interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ames, C. (1998). Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. London: Longman. Kellerman, E. (1979). Transfer and non-transfer: Where are we now? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2: 37-57. Eltrug, N. S. (1984). Analysis of the Arab Learners’ Errors in Pronunciation of English Utterances in Isolation and Context. Ph. D Dissertation. The University of Kansas. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Paikeday, T. (1985). The native speaker is dead! Toronto: Paikeday Publishing. Rampton, M. B. H. (1990). Displacing the ‘native speaker’: Expertise, af? liation, and inheritance. ELT Journal 44. 2, 97–101. Davies, A. (1991). The native speaker in applied linguistics . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Davies, A. (2003). The native speaker of World Englishes. Journal of Pan-Paci? c Association of Applied Linguistics 6. 1, 43–60

Dumbest Generation

Mark Bauerlein seems to believe that is the dumbest generation because research has shown that knowledge skills and intellectual habits have gone down, and although some people agree with him, others don’t. I believe this generation isn’t the dumbest because there are other things that need to be considered when calling someone, a group of people, or even an entire generation stupid or dumb, rather than just knowledge skills and intellectual habits. Knowledge isn’t all about what people know or how well they are in school. IQ tests test the intelligence of the person; however they test the pure thinking capacity rather than what people know.This means that intelligence comes from the entire cognitive thinking ability and not what they know. IQ tests have also been rising since the 1930’s (Source B). Furthermore, just because this doesn’t know things that people knew two generations before us did, doesn’t make us dumb. This generation is learn ing about things that people didn’t even know about two or even one generation ago. Also, most students in college don’t think that what was important back then is relevant today, so they don’t see the point in remembering or learning about it. That isn’t stupidity, that’s just choice in the information that they wish to hold.Plus, some people are more intelligent about certain things about other people, but that doesn’t make them dumb or stupid about that subject. They just don’t understand it as much as other people. If you look at other subjects for that person, I’m sure you’ll find their strong spot, and what they’re good at. It all depends on what their brain can understand and comprehend. Moreover, students and even adults are coming together. They create groups and social activities that allow people with similar interests and intelligence to get together and help and teach what they know about that particu lar subject.They come to these people for their knowledge to improve their craft, gain reputation, and expanding their intelligence and interest in their craft (Source C). Although most people may disagree, the new media and social advances help with this. It allows students to reach people around the globe and get other information so they get direct information. According to Mizuko (Source C), â€Å"Youth respect one another’s authority online and are more often motivated to learn from peers than adults. † So by this meaning, the social media allows students to learn in a more advanced way to where they don’t feel like they are being condescending.This also allows the students to learn more of on their own and exploring, rather than knowing the goals and going by a direct lesson plan. Given the fact that most students use Google instead of a library might make people think that we are being derived of learning how to do research on our own. Although most peopl e are right, Google does have benefits. If someone just needs a quick way to get information, Google is good place to get started. Most people know to make sure things are doubled in places rather than just in one place though, so they know what to do about how to research.Additionally, having social media and the internet, texting, email etc. , also creates more chances of writing. Most parents and teachers think that this is causing a downfall in school and literacy capabilities but in reality its actually helping. According to Thompson (Source G), she believes we are in the middle of a literacy revolution. This generation writes more than any other generation before. Most peoples’ writing happens outside the classroom. It may not be very advanced writing, but it is writing. It works the writing and literacy capabilities because it is still writing. They have to read, comprehend, understand, and respond.All of which includes using the abilities that they already had. Also, almost thirty-eight percent of writing happens outside of the classroom. Everything that people write, including texting and email etc. , add up and help with their brain which expands their learning and thinking capacity. Along with social media, there are video games. The people who play video games say that they help with hand-eye coordination, and those who don’t say that the video games make the brains weak. But in all actuality, video games help expand the thinking capacity and help the thinking and learning capabilities.They figure out how to get through things in the game and don’t just cheat by using a manual. They have to think about what could happen next or look at how things happen so they know how to act, react, and do (Source F). Furthermore, every generation has their â€Å"dumb spots†. That doesn’t make each generation the dumbest generation though. One person can’t say that this is the dumbest generation when every generation is d umb at some point or with some group of people. In 1962, according to Simpson, (Source E), he did a documentary about a group of people who didn’t even know what most people did know at their age.They barely knew anything at all and they weren’t able to spend all day texting or playing video games. Each generation has their problems, so one cannot pinpoint what generation is the dumbest generation. So, although some people believe different, I believe this generation is not the dumbest generation because knowledge is not all about the amount of information a person holds. It’s about the thinking capacity and other things can interrupt that thinking process, and also, each generation has their â€Å"dumb† faults. This generation may be more evident, but it is not the dumbest generation.

The unfair portrayal of islam in western media Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The unfair portrayal of Islam in the West Ever since the 9/11 attacks this world has been a completely different place for the Muslims. It is so ironical that after these events the concept of Islam has completely transformed in the minds of the western community. Muslims all over the world are now seen with contempt and hatred by the western community. This is more like a generalization about the whole western world but to some extent it is true. Some important questions arise as to who is responsible for this drastic transformation? Why has such a change taken place? Why does West feel threatened by Islam? For how long this war between West and Islam will continue? What can be done to change the image of Islam in the minds of the western community? For decades there has been a social war between the west and Islam. Their concepts and culture differ from the very beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on The unfair portrayal of islam in western media or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now There has always been a very well defined boundary between both the worlds. One cannot ignore the fact that power of the whole world lies in the hands of the West. The West sees Islam as a conservative religion and considers the followers of this religion as narrow-minded beings. Muslims all over the world are being discriminated and in some places it is even seen that they are humiliated. But this is more like digging into the past and gaining evidence on the basis of social sciences. The present scenario of the world is more important to answer the above mentioned questions (Shadid & Koningsveld 2002). It all started when the world was shaken by the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre. According to the investigation reports it was found that the people responsible for these attacks were Muslims. This was the first time when the whole world came to know about Taliban and Al-Qaeda. These are Muslim groups that are believed to be the backbone of all terrorist activities going on in the present world. In the last decade this world has faced the most ominous terrorism events. A list of examples can be quoted where the West has linked Muslims to terrorism in the present day. London Bombings and Mumbai Bombings are a great example of such events. After the 9/11 attacks, London also fell as a victim to the terrorist activity. On July7, 2005 London’s transportation system was hit by deadly explosions. Three bombs exploded in the underground tubes and one explosion took place in a double Decker bus. Together these four suicide bombings took away the lives of fifty-six innocent p eople and left more than seven hundred and fifty injured.

What Everyone Is Saying About How to Begin an Essay about Yourself Is Dead Wrong and Why

What Everyone Is Saying About How to Begin an Essay about Yourself Is Dead Wrong and Why Life After How to Begin an Essay about Yourself When you understand what your essay should address, spend a small time brainstorming ideas. Knowing what type of essay you're attempting to write can help you choose a topic and structure your essay in the very best way possible. With our custom made essay offer, you can be certain to find any essay help you're looking for. Even the most well-known examples need context. You must be in a position to choose a theme and remain with this. As soon as you get a compelling topic, choose the most important idea that you want to communicate and introduce it using a bang. After all, the very first thing you should analyze the subject of the work. You ought to pick the subject of your essay by paying attention to the kind of reader and your major objectives. The Debate Over How to Begin an Essay about Yourself As it's not feasible to write everything about oneself in a quick essay paper, an individual must choose a couple of specific moments in life which left the best impact on them, then describe such moments. For instance, talk about a particular incident in your life and the way that it changed your life. Moreover, be sure that the change you would like to create is something specific. An excellent start usually means a fantastic journey. Finding the Best How to Begin an Essay about Yourself Essay Rewriter utilizes the ability of paraphrasing to guard students from the frequent problem of being accused of plagiarism. Manual mode in the Essay Rewriter enables you to learn how much to paraphrase and you may control precisely what changes you want to make to the original text. However you attempt to decrease the amount writing you must do to help your essay, you will need to master the method for your assignment. For most authors, writing a terrific introduction is a situation. Make certain it's interesting and strong enough to supply a great structure for the rest of your essay. The aim of a conclusion for private essay writing is about summarizing the major points and then presenting them to the reader. What Does How to Begin an Essay about Yourself Mean? An introduction is a brief speech and ought to adhere to the rules for good speech making. Our website includes a section of reviews from students we've helped previously. Provide a summary of your educational and career targets and the way the specific program is able to help you fulfill them. Lies You've Been Told About How to Begin an Essay about Yourself There's no chance we won't have your back once you come to find assistance. You can also get in touch with your writer to supply some exc ess recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. If you must book a program, make a request by completing the form online ordering. When you wish to find details about a product, service, event or another thing, you will often must draft a letter of inquiry. How to Begin an Essay about Yourself - the Conspiracy Essays are typical in elementary, middle, higher school and college, and you might even should compose essays in the industry world (although they're usually called reports'' at that point). Writing an essay sometimes appears to be a dismaying undertaking for those students. Writing an essay about yourself can at times be awkward. Writing an essay, or some other paper for this matter, isn't just writing. Writing the thesis will be dependent on the topic chosen. Scholarship Essay Examples are supplied for insight about how to write a scholarship essay. The very first step to writing an essay is to determine what type of essay to write. If you're stuck on the best way to compose an example essay, you can stick to a few straightforward measures to dig yourself out of the rut and compose an example essay that you're able to be pleased with. Nowadays it is quite hard to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Review the prompt thoroughly and plan your essay before you get started writing to make sure that you make an essay which will be an effective and persuasive accession to your application package. If you're asking for a scholarship, odds are you're likely to should compose an essay. Let our team know the kind of paper you require, the range of pages required, and when you require it by. Surely, in regards to writing a paper, it will become clear, that time frames cannot be met. Asking our expert to compose an essay, you will realize that an interesting and effective paper is going to be delivered to you eventually.

Negative Impact Of Globalization And Capitalism - 1278 Words

Globalization and capitalism are two systems that greatly influence our world on a political and economical scale. Globalization processes businesses and corporations internationally while capitalism handles the money, ownership, and trades that globalization operates. However, capitalism is often seen as a negative political system and thus I will argue that capitalism negatively affects globalization. But to understand why capitalism has a negative effect on capitalism, it is important to understand what globalization and capitalism are. I will start off my essay by explaining the history and current events that revolve around globalization and capitalism. Then, I will discuss Karl Marx s opinion on capitalism. Afterwards, I will†¦show more content†¦In addition to explaining the history of capitalism, I will also discuss how capitalism has become a controversial political system. Capitalism is a political system where a country s trade and industry are controlled by priva te owners for profit, not the state. It has the belief that people should be able to trade freely so everyone can benefit. For example, if a person buys a carton of milk at the store for one dollar. Both, the seller and buyer, get what they want. The seller gets one dollar, and the buyer gets his milk. What the seller does with the money he receives is capitalism. It has many flaws that make it controversial such as, it s unstable, profits before people, and only the rich benefit. However, despite how horrible it is, capitalism works. It is one of the few political systems in the world that is tangible and seems to work. However, historical figures such as Karl Marx would argue otherwise. In this paragraph, I will explain capitalism through the viewpoint of a Marxist and how Karl Marx himself despised capitalism. Towards the end of the paragraph, I will contrast capitalism and globalization while explaining how they work together- this will segue into my arguments. I will begin arguing my first point - that capitalism effects globalization through the degradation ofShow MoreRelatedCapitalism, Globalization and the Perpetuation of Women’s Oppression: a Vicious Cycle1138 Words   |  5 PagesCAPITALISM, GLOBALIZATION AND THE PERPETUATION OF WOMENS OPPRESSION: A VICIOUS CYCLE By Kelsey Lavoie NDYA, Provincial Youth Liason According to the World Bank, women make up 70% of the world’s poor and their wages world wide are on average 50% to 80% of men’s. One third of all households word wide are headed by women, they are responsible for half the world’s food production, and yet they own just one per cent of the world’s property. 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Gays Lesbians And Bisexuals Roles Of Otherness free essay sample

Homosexuals? , Lesbians? , And Bisexuals? Functions Of? Otherness? In Dominant Culture Essay, Research Paper Homosexuals? , Lesbians? , and Bisexuals? Functions of? Otherness? in Dominant Culture Despite no seeable differences such as those of ethnicity and race, homophiles and bisexuals are still normally defined as? other? in our society. Based soley on their sexual orientation, homosexuals, tribades, and bisexuals are continually targetted by intolerance, ignorance, and segregation because of their function as an? other? in the dominant civilization. This? distinctness? is a going in features and behaviour from the scope expressed as the local, safe norm. It causes intense concern and an effort at comprehension. From this, the head either rapidly moves to apprehensiveness, misinterpretation, and fright, or to repulsive force and hatred. Although the dominant group? s mentality still exists today, the state of affairs is bit by bit bettering through pro-gay statute law and continually more broad positions refering to gender. A bisexual friend of mine gave me her sentiment when she heard the subject of my? distinctness? paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Gays Lesbians And Bisexuals Roles Of Otherness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? I don? T experience my? distinctness? on a day-to-day footing because of the easiness of? go throughing? in a heterosexual universe. Actually, my sexual penchant is neer an issue until person makes an nescient comment or premise about it, ? she told me. The manner homosexuals, tribades, and bisexuals view themselves as a group contradicts the mainstream sentiment of the dominant civilization. Their gender is normal and natural to them, and poses no issue until person reminds them of their? distinctness? . Many people in the dominant civilization emphasize that being homosexual is a pick. Sexual orientation, whether it be heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual does non look to be something that one chooses. Recent surveies suggest that sexual orientation has a familial or biological constituent, and is likely determined before or shortly after birth. Like straight persons, homosexuals and tribades discover their gender as a procedure of maturating ; they are non recruited, seduced or taught to be homosexual. The lone pick homosexual or sapphic people have is whether or non to populate their lives candidly, or harmonizing to societies unrealistic outlooks ( Bell, Weinberg, M.S. , A ; Hammersmith ) , ( Troiden ) . Upon coming out to her old friends and people upon first brushs, my friend faces an internal battle. Fear of rejection and loss are ever a concern. However, coming out to her parents and household was even more hard, ? I was afraid they would specify me by my homosexuality, non by my personality or ego worth. Not cognizing their reaction, I put myself at hazard for losing my household? s love and much of what I consider to be of import in my life. ? Because of false stereotypes and indefensible bias towards them, the procedure of coming out for tribades and cheery work forces can be a really ambitious procedure which may do a great trade of emotional hurting. Lesbian and cheery people frequently feel different and entirely when they foremost become cognizant of same-sex attractive forces. They may besides fear rejection from household, friends, colleagues and spiritual establishments if they do come out ( American Psychological Association ) .Another battle for homophiles and bis exuals includes facing their spiritual backgrounds and beliefs. In the Judeo-christian society in which we live, homosexualism is to a great extent frowned upon by faith. In the yesteryear, spiritual leaders supported the dominant civilization? s ignorance about homosexualism by naming it a # 8217 ; sin # 8217 ; . Strong trusters in the scriptural interlingual rendition concur that adult male to adult male or adult female to adult female adumbrate relationships are sedate wickednesss. Religious people who are homosexuals, tribades, and bisexuals are frequently ostracized by the church community and are looked upon as evildoers, kid molesters, and promiscuous persons. In fact, promiscuousness has nil to make with one # 8217 ; s sexual orientation, but instead one # 8217 ; s values and beliefs. Merely as in the heterosexual community, some homosexual people are promiscuous, some are non. In a 1992 survey, 55.5 % of cheery work forces and 71.2 % of tribades reported T o be in steady relationships ( Overlooked Opinions, 1993 ) . The dominant group in American society ( white, heterosexual, Protestant ) continues to see homosexualism as a major societal stigma. Gay civilization and life style is frequently on the having terminal of many socially acceptable, yet hatefully motivated actions and gags. Until late, AIDS was considered a? homosexual disease? or a penalty from God by many misinformed people. The nexus in people # 8217 ; s heads between homosexualism and AIDS is so steadfastly established that favoritism against people with HIV/AIDS is inseparable from favoritism on the footing of sexual orientation ( Vassal, Fisher, Jurgens, Hughes ) . Tolerance within the dominant civilization? s position of? distinctness? besides apparently varies. My friend commented, ? I? ve noticed that intimate female to female contact ( such as keeping custodies or snoging ) is easier for the populace to digest, whereas male to male contact is decidedly unacceptable to the majority. ? This social point of view is selective a nd hypocritical. My friend besides mentioned, ? Peoples of the same sex are afraid to befriend GLBs because they think every clinch or smiling is a sexual advance. ? Contrary to popular belief, cheery work forces and tribades are no more inclined to be consumed with sexual ideas or feelings than their heterosexual opposite numbers ( Bell, Weinberg, 1978 ) , nor are they attracted to everyone of the same sex they meet. In their motion from distinctness, homosexuals, tribades, and bisexuals have faced monumental obstructions. For homosexual, sapphic and bisexual militants, the word Stonewall signifies rather perchance the most of import, individual landmark in the worldwide battle for homosexual rights. In 1969, at New York # 8217 ; s Stonewall Bar, homosexual frequenters fought back when Stonewall was raided one dark by New York City police officers, who came trusting to collar homosexual frequenters for prosecuting in so illegal homosexual Acts of the Apostless. Since that dark, Stonewall has been revered as an digesting symbol of the battle for homosexual rights, issues, and struggles ( Leadership U ) . Gays in the armed forces have besides been a relevant and more recent battle. Favorable statute law has led to the? Don? T ask, wear? t Tell? governmental policy. This attitude does non let homophiles and bisexuals to be openly cheery, but does give them the basic rights that straight people ha ve without changeless fright of being discovered. More pro-gay statute law has been passed sing basic rights and particularly same sex matrimony. While the battle for this type of statute law has been an upward conflict, the most recent developments have been stairss in the way of tolerance and credence. More broad positions coupled with consciousness have begun to soften the abrasiveness of the favoritism and the societal stigma against homosexuals, tribades, and bisexuals. The? distinctness? of homosexuals, tribades, and bisexuals as viewed by dominant civilization is based largely on misinterpretations and misconceptions. As a group, GLBs experience force per unit area to go through as? normal? and absorb to the dominant civilization. Through their battle defined as? distinctness? , homosexuals, tribades, and bisexuals have made advancement towards a greater apprehension with straight persons that will take to progressively better dealingss between the two groups. Bibliography hypertext transfer protocol: //www.microtec.net/jujube/elements/04introE.html # 03 Gay and Lesbian Issues and HIV/AIDS: A Discussion Paper by Anne Vassal, John Fisher, Ralf J # 252 ; rgens, Robert Hughes # 169 ; Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network A ; Canadian AIDS Society, Montreal, July 1997 hypertext transfer protocol: //locateadoc.com/Psychologists/Patient_Resources/so.shtml American Psychological Association hypertext transfer protocol: //www.california.com/~rathbone/links05b.htm Leadership U hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ha-nett.no/~tekarlse/gay/aboutgay.html Bell, Weinberg, 1978 M.S. , A ; Hammersmith ) , ( Troiden,1989 ) . ( Overlooked Opinions, 1993 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pwh.base.org # 169 ; 1997, Paul Halsall, halsall @ murray.fordham.edu

Mental Health Bipolar Disorder Problem

Bipolar disorder is a mental condition that alters brain functioning of the patients. In a study carried out in Washington, researchers tried to find out prevalence of treated bipolar disorder in the region. It was carried out in a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). This essay summarizes the study, which focused on mental health issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health: Bipolar Disorder Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Method of Study A group of 294,284 patients who had been treated by HMO health care providers, and others, who had registered as health maintenance organization members, formed the basis of the study. Automated data was used to find out the total number of patients who had been treated for bipolar disorder between 1995 and 1996. Computerized diagnosis of outpatient and inpatient visits and use of mood stabilizers was used to identify individuals who showed signs of bipolar disorder. A review of outpatient records was later conducted randomly in order to confirm validity of the procedure used to identify patients with bipolar disorder (Simon Katon, 1998). Results The study showed that prevalence of treated bipolar disorder was at 42 percent. It was discovered that rates of treated bipolar disorder were higher in women, young people and families that were HMO members. In addition, women who were enrolled in individual plans that were part of HMO and Basic Health Plan programs for poor families exhibited higher rates of treated bipolar prevalence. The total number of patients who were treated for bipolar disorder was 1,236. Out of this number, at least 93 percent had visited specialized mental health institutions. On the other hand, 86 percent had been given medication to stabilize their moods. The percentage that was treated with antidepressants, benzodiazepine or antipsychotic was small. Importance of the Study The study was important because bipolar disorder was a common mental condition that affected many people. It was therefore crucial to find out its prevalence since it affected a large number of women immediately they gave birth, something that exposed them to other illnesses. Despite the fact that a lot of work was required in order to manage individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder, it was important to recognize it early enough in order to administer medication. The study was also important because it made it possible for patients who had been treated for bipolar disorder to be identified. The condition affected a large number of people, but some of them did not consider treatment, hence they did not seek medical attention in good time.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the study made it possible for health care providers to evaluate the kind of treatment patients who had visited mental health institut ions received. This was important because different medications were essential when bipolar disorder patients exhibited certain symptoms. Limitations of the Study The first limitation that made the study difficult was lack of accurate records for patients who had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. This was due to the fact that some of them had not visited mental health institutions. As a result, health care providers could not get their actual numbers. The second limitation was risk of data loss because computerized systems were used to carry out the study. Conclusions After the study was conducted, it was concluded that the rate of bipolar treated prevalence in the HMO population was higher compared with the one that had been recorded for prepaid health schemes. However, large population surveys gave a lower estimate. Many patients who were treated received medication for mood stabilization and special services related to mental health. Reference Simon, G., Katon, W. (1998). Th e treated prevalence of bipolar disorder in a large staff-model HMO. This essay on Mental Health: Bipolar Disorder Problem was written and submitted by user Kaitlin Brennan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.